Organization Behavior & Communication Essay

Coming up next is two or three the connections that are viewed as when discussing Political Systems; Justice by definition intends to be reasonable while rewarding others similarly. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, etc. Judgment is the capacity to viably evaluate the circumstance. You should have the option to precisely comprehend the ramifications of the circumstance you are in with the goal that you can use sound judgment. Judgment is otherwise called presence of mind. Constancy is about clear as crystal. Individuals must have the option to rely upon you to offer help, exact data, direction and inspiration. Individuals must have the option to trust in your genuineness just as your ability. One valuable approach to see strife is as far as force, rights, and interests. Confining the contention as a force battle, statement of rights, or fulfillment of interests can drastically influence the procedure and the result. On the off chance that you are breaking down a contention, distinguishing how the gatherings see the contention as far as force, rights, and interests can prompt transformative arrangements not in any case evident. Force is the capacity to have one’s path against the desires of another. Casting a ballot is by all accounts a straightforward model, regardless of whether a vote is for political office or authoritative positions, the voters have the ability to pick. Clairvoyant Prisons According to the mystic jail allegory, associations are viewed as socially developed real factors dependent on oblivious distractions of individuals in the association. These socially built real factors or societies might be experienced as tricky and limiting, which is the motivation behind why Morgan utilizes the term mystic detainment facilities. Morgan subsumes a few clarifications of human conduct dependent on mental components under the mystic jail similitude a large portion of these hypotheses expect that individuals create oblivious instruments, and develop real factors, so as to deal with nervousness and want, and that these systems and truths are reflected in. While Political Systems are all the more so a fearless demonstration truly changing the framework or circumstance, clairvoyant jail fills in as it portrays a layer of hierarchical reality that is wild essentially cognizant and oblivious procedures, the two can work connected at the hip.

Counseling (Exisential Therapy) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Guiding (Exisential Therapy) - Essay Example In the profound methodology, an otherworldly response to the four subjects is accepted to exist. In the agnostic methodology, it is accepted that there is no response to the four significant inquiries. One thing that is for sure for an individual is demise. There is no denying it. In any case, one can't push ahead throughout everyday life if the individual if scared of death. The familiarity with an individual's life being constrained by death can cause nervousness. In any case, overlooking the nearness of death in an individual's lives won't help either. One should utilize the information on the confinement of life to the best favorable position for prevailing throughout everyday life. Dr. Hoffman expresses that an individual who finds the harmony between the consciousness of death and discovering quality not to get defeat by it will have better possibility of driving a satisfying life (Existential Therapy, http://www.existential-therapy.com/General_Overview.htm). Opportunity and Responsibility consistently meet up. At the point when individuals attempt to make the most of their opportunity while disregarding their obligations, odds are that mental outcomes like despondency, outrage and uneasiness begins to happen. Each individual is allowed to pick their way throughout everyday life, and yet the person should assume full liability of the result. One should never accuse another individual for anything that occurs throughout everyday life. This additionally implies one should never let any conviction or association assume responsibility for their lives. Additionally one ought to have the mindfulness that the individual in question isn't weak in any circumstance, either characteristic cataclysms, or infections, or persecution, that the person is liable for themselves and the situation there are at present in. Detachment For an incredible duration, an individual is engaged with various relations with all the individuals around him. In doing that the individual may attempt to have a hold in the other individual's life. In any case, one needs to understand that individuals are basically alone in this world. One needs to discover approval from inside, not from others. This mindfulness will make one live more to the fullest than live negligently (Existential Therapy, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_therapy). Aimlessness The human life can be depicted as an excursion to locate the significance of life or an excursion to make an importance forever. At the point when one ponders the human life as far as the segregation it faces, it may seem futile to remain alive. It is currently that the desperation of making one's own qualities and discover or make own implications forever gets obvious. This will give the individual a sentiment of centrality and will make the individual sufficiently able to maintain the recently discovered significance through life. The Therapy Existential Therapy when applied to genuine circumstance can be seen from four diverse edge, they are; the perspective on man, the objectives of treatment, the job of the specialist and the job of the customer. The perspective on man Man being a social creature aches to interface with others and might attempt to discover

John Kerrys Plan for Economic Growth essays

John Kerry's Plan for Economic Growth articles There are a couple of unmistakable contrasts between Senator John Kerry and President George Bush's assessment proposition. The financial and monetary impacts of those proposition will likewise be extraordinary. In the wake of a downturn brought about by the tech-bust of the late '90s and the negative impacts of September eleventh, President Bush pushed the biggest tax break in United States history through Congress. The downturn ended up being the briefest lived in American history. Over the most recent thirteen months, 1.5 million new openings have been made, home proprietorship is at an untouched high, and the joblessness rate is lower than that of the normal pace of the '90s. President Bush's present arrangement is to put forth these tax breaks perpetual trying to keep up the economy's consistent ascent. The two plans incorporate marriage punishment alleviation and multiplied kid charge credit. The significant contrast is that piece of Senator Kerry's expense plan is to move back the tax break on the wealthiest Americans to expand government income and hence decline the shortage. Raising expenses on rich Americans, notwithstanding, would, indeed, have a negative long haul impact on our economy. Long haul, market analysts generally concur that the best method to reinforce the economy and simultaneously increment government income is to hold joblessness down and increment expendable family unit pay. Notwithstanding, under Senator Kerry's arrangement, the joblessness rate will probably increase, and complete family unit discretionary cashflow will without a doubt decrease. Around 60% of occupations in this nation are made by private companies. A greater part of those private ventures are claimed by the wealthiest Americans (over $200,000 yearly salary). Moving back the tax break on these assessment sections basically raises burdens on independent ventures. The issue is when entrepreneurs make good on more expenses, they settle on optional choices to employ less new specialists and are hesitant to hazard money to extend their organizations. Much of the time, laborers ... <!

The Effects of Caffeine Dependency and How to Curb Them - 825 Words

The Effects of Caffeine Dependency and How to Curb Them (Essay Sample) Content: Caffeine dependenceNameProfessorInstitutionDateCaffeine is the most commonly used a stimulatory psychoactive agent in the United States. It is because it is a legal psychoactive agent and is readily available in different products. Most common products that contain the substance include coffee, tea, dark chocolate, carbonated beverages such as cola and some candy (Nawrot, 2003). It implies that caffeine may cause dependence to consumers including children. The aim of this paper is to discuss the effects of dependency and how to curb them.It is estimated that 80% to 90% of both children and adults consume the psychoactive agent regularly (Ogawa, 2007). The use of caffeine is mostly in small doses, and it may have beneficial effects on the body such as altering the mood of the consumer. Researchers also suggest that 9% to 30% of users develop dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) criteria (Nawrot, 2003). The consumers do not realize t he onset of caffeine dependence due to its addictive nature. Those that recognize do so in late stages where the dependency is too high. The DSM-IV criteria also suggest that 26% of the caffeine users develop withdrawal (Ogawa, 2007). The personal aspiration to control the use of caffeine was found to be only 23%. Those that consult help from a physician is only 10% according to the DSM-IV criteria (Higdon, 2006). The need to control caffeine addiction is important because it may give rise to other harmful effects (Ogawa, 2007).Understanding the effects of caffeine requires knowledge on its pharmacological activities. When caffeine is in the body, it is metabolized in the liver to produce three metabolites (Ogawa, 2007). The first is paraxanthine that is used in deamination and increasing levels of glycerol in the blood. The second metabolite is theobromine which dilates blood vessels and also has diuretic effects of increasing urination (Ogawa, 2007).The third metabolite theophylli ne is a bronchodilator. Caffeine mostly acts in the brain after crossing the blood brain barrier where it blocks the effects of adenosine which plays a role in inducing sleep (Ogawa, 2007). In moderate doses, caffeine causes an increase in alertness, sociability and significantly reduces sleepiness. However, once a user of caffeine is dependent on caffeine, it may have more adverse effects such as mood swings, sleep deprivation depression, impaired judgment and anxiety (Higdon, 2006).Withdrawal occurs when a user reduces the amount of caffeine used regularly or when one stops the use of caffeine. The symptoms of withdrawal include irritability. Irritability is one of the early signs of withdrawal together with the loss of concentration in places of work or at school (Higdon, 2006). Headaches fatigue and drowsiness are also experienced in some adults and adolescent consumers. However, some patients have developed stomach pain and insomnia. It is important to create awareness of these symptoms to the public to increase the management and also to reduce dependency (Higdon, 2006). Tolerance also occurs in about 75% of consumers and only occurs when intake is in high doses. Tolerance is the reduced receptiveness of a drug that occurs due to exposure to the drug (Higdon, 2006).There are several harmful effects of caffeine dependency. Some of the direct effects of addiction of caffeine abuse include suppressed appetite, nausea and stomach aches and vomiting (Higdon, 2006). It is due to caffeines effect of stimulating the small intestine and also its effect of inducing secretion of water and sodium. The dependency of caffeine also causes adverse effects on perceptual memory thus affecting learning process (Ogawa, 2007). Some other effects include blurred vision, irritability, high blood sugar, cold sweats and a pale, clammy appearance. Rapid heart rate and palpitation may also occur due to caffeines effect of enhancing circulation of catecholamines and endothelium-dep endent vasodilation (Ogawa, 2007).There are also beneficial effects of caffeine in the human body. Researchers suggest that small dose consumption of the psychoactive agent causing improved awareness is useful to the user (Higdon, 2006). It also builds up the enhancement of attention in the brain. It may be beneficial to adults at work. Caffeine may be useful as a headache reliever in l...

Operations Management Of Coca Cola - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2456 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Best Score Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Coca-Cola Essay Did you like this example? Essay for Operations Management CONTENTS ChapterPage 1. Summary3 2. Introduction4 3. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Operations management of Coca Cola: Applying the model" essay for you Create order First main section5 4. Second main section8 5. Conclusions10 6. References11 7. Appendices12 1 SUMMARY 1.1 Coca Cola is one of the most valuable and well known retailers in the world. The secret to its success comes from its focus on its supply chain, which is made as efficient as possible through the use of ERP systems and integration up and down the chain. This boosts its financial efficiency and improves its customer service. Fizzup can potentially experience similar benefits to Coca Cola, but will need to use change management techniques, cost benefit analyses and significant training in order to realise said benefits. 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 This report was prompted by the belief that Coca Cola is one of the most efficient and valuable companies and brands in the world, and hence Fizzup, as a small manufacturer and distributor of soft drinks, could benefit from Coca Cola’s expertise. The main reason for Coca Cola’s success appears to be its efficient distribution system , which allows the company to sell over 1.4 billion servings of its product every day. As such, this paper aims to examine the extent to which the factors which have caused Coca Cola’s distribution system to be so successful can be applied to Fizzup. In order to achieve this it is, of course, necessary to determine the factors that actually differentiate Coca Cola from its competitors. 3 THE COCA COLA SUPPLY CHAIN 3.1. OPERATIONS WHICH DIFFERENTIATE COCA COLA The main part of Coca Cola’s operations which act to differentiate the company is its focus on logistical efficiency throughout the distribution section of its supply chain (Foley and Kontzer, 2004). With 1.4 billion servings of Coca Cola purchased every day around the world, including Diet Coke and other varieties, it is clear that this supply chain is extremely large and complex (Parker, 2007). As such, Foley and Kontzer (2004) claim that Coca Cola is unparalleled in its ability to efficiently manage the deliver y of Coke to stores and retail outlets around the world. A key part of this is Coke’s drive to provide new capabilities to tis account managers, merchandisers and delivery drivers, through the use of a coherent SAP suite across the entire business. This not only provides Coca Cola with more information at an individual store level, but also helps eliminate inefficiencies and automate the distribution process from Coca Cola right through to the end retailer. Indeed, Coca Cola uses a single form of SAP throughout its entire manufacturing supply chain in all forty five countries, providing massive consistency benefits. However, all the company’s beverages are distributed through franchise agreements with 53 bottlers around the world, whom Coca Cola only supplies with post mix syrup and other ingredients (Thomas, 2004). Parker (2007) claims that as a result Coca Cola’s distribution network includes over 1,000 production plants and a delivery fleet which is five time s larger than that of UPS. Whilst many of these bottlers also use SAP, their systems were previously not compatible with Coca Cola’s. As such, Coca Cola is now working on increasing the degree of integration and process commonality across all its distributors. Parker (2007) claims that a key aspect of this is that Coca Cola spent six months studying the various processes across all bottlers, finding that over 90 percent of the business processes of all bottlers are common across the entire distribution chain. As such, Coca Cola has begun upgrading to the latest version of SAP ERP in order to develop a services oriented architecture and hence boost the compatibility between the various systems across the distribution network. The main goal of this endeavour is to produce common processes across all bottlers, allowing information on purchasing, manufacturing, sales and distribution to pass quickly up and down the supply chain, thus maintaining Coca Cola’s logistical edge (Parker, 2007). In addition to this, Kant et al (2008) report that Coca Cola has implemented a specific vehicle routing software in order to maximise the efficiencies in the supply chain. As a result, over 10,000 trucks in the Coca Cola distribution fleet now have their routes automatically planned, saving the company $45 million each year and massively improving customer service. 3.2. COCA COLA SYSTEMS MAP ManufacturingDistributionRetail Bulk TransportFranchisesVansSupermarkets InputsSyrup BottlingSports Events Manufacture and canning Restaurants Bulk transport of post mix Kiosks I have elected to include the manufacturing, distribution and retail aspects of Coca Cola’s operations in my systems map. This is because the distribution chain can only truly be understood by also considering the systems which sit around it, and dictate its processes. Firstly, the raw ingredients arrive at the Coca Cola manufacturing facility where they go into the syrup manufacturing process. There is little additional detail here, as Coca Cola closely guards its recipe and the way in which it manufactures Coca Cola. From here, the syrup is packed and proceeds in one of two directions. Firstly it can be transported in bulk to kiosks and restaurants, where it is mixed with carbonated water to produce the final product and served to customers. Alternatively it can be transported in bulk to the bottlers, who will mix it with carbonated water and bottle or can it. From the bottlers, it is then distributed to supermarkets, other shops, and sports events, where it is sold in its bottled or canned form. In general, the physical flows within the system will almost all compromise the syrup and its diluted and carbonated form. Indeed, given that all the Coca Cola bottlers are franchised, Coca Cola only ever deals with the post mix syrup and the various ingredients which go to make it up. The bottlers then add in the bottles or cans as appropriate, and the carbonated water can be s upplied by simply adding compressed carbon dioxide to water. As such, the production processes for these parts of the distribution chain have not been included, as they do not represent a core part of Coca Cola’s supply chain, rather they are up to individual bottlers and retailers to address. The informational flows generally comprise customer data moving back up the chain from the retailers. The retailers will inform the bottlers of their expected sales in the future, and the bottlers will inform Coca Cola of how much post mix syrup to produce. In addition, Coca Cola will inform the bottlers and retailers around any potential issues such as shortages or new varieties being launched. 3.3 INPUT-TRANSFORMATION-OUTPUT DIAGRAM PrimaryPost Mix -gt; gt; Served Coca Cola SecondaryCarbonated Water -gt; Transformation -gt; Bottled or canned Coca Cola TertiaryBottles / cans -gt; gt; None As has been discussed above, the primary input into the whole production process is the post mix syrup produced by Coca Cola. This is the only input that in fundamental to it actually being Coca Cola, as it is the input which carries the Coca Cola recipe and brand. The secondary input is the carbonated water, which is required to turn the post mix syrup from its concentrated and easy to transport form into diluted, drinkable Coca Cola. The tertiary input is the bottles and cans which are needed to served Coca Cola in its bottled or canned form, but which are not needed if it is served directly to customers from a siphon, as would happen in a restaurant or at a kiosk. Coca Cola’s distribution chain only provides two distinct outputs. The first of these is Coca Cola served directly in its diluted form in a glass or paper cup at a restaurant or from a kiosk. The second is bottled or canned Coca Cola, which is how Coca Cola would be sold in a supermarket or at a sports event. 4 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS TO FIZZUP 4.1 PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTING COCA COLA PROCESSES If Fizzup was t o implement the Coca Cola processes in its distribution chain, the main concept it would need to consider would be change management. This is because the move from a disparate supply chain where all companies tend to look after their own concerns to one where all members communicate and cooperate is likely to require significant cultural and process changes. Therefore, it is important to consider the various aspects and tenets of change management, including the fact that everyone will react differently to change, and the fact that expectations will need to be managed and fears will need to be addressed (Kotter, 1990). As such, one of the best frameworks for managing this change would be Kotter’s (1990) change phase framework. This involves companies going through eight phases in order to drive change, right the way from establishing a sense of urgency and creating a clear vision, to anchoring the change in the hearts and minds of employees and managers throughout the distrib ution chain. In addition, Fizzup would need to analyse the decision using the cost benefit analysis concept to ensure that the costs of integrating systems and processes up and down the supply chain would be worthwhile (Boardman et al, 2000). This is reflected in the fact that Coca Cola spent six months analysing the processes in its distribution chain. Whilst Fizzup’s operation is much smaller than Coca Cola’s, the same principles should still apply, and the company should be careful to address and control the potential costs of implementation. Fortunately, Boardman et al (2000) claim that the cost benefit analysis concept itself provides an excellent framework through which the costs can be controlled and the benefits assessed, thus helping Fizzup to carry out this analysis and ensure the implementation is successful. With regards to the potential benefits, the Coca Cola example gives an idea of the scale of potential cost savings. Even by applying a simple system fo r route planning to 10,000 of its vehicles, the company was able to save $45 million each year, a saving of around $4,500 per vehicle. Whilst Fizzup’s fleet is considerably smaller than Coca Cola’s, a saving on this scale would still be extremely valuable in improving the efficiency of the company and the supply chain. In addition, as discussed in the Coca Cola example, integrating systems up and down the supply chain not only provides significant financial benefits, in terms of cost savings, but it also provides significant customer service benefits, as the distribution chain can be more responsive to the demands of retailers and their changing customer preferences. Whilst this benefit can be hard to quantify, given that the competition for sales space in the drinks industry is very large, particularly when many pubs and restaurants will only take drinks from one manufacturer, the customer service benefits could be invaluable. In addition, greater integration up and d own the chain will facilitate information flows. 4.2 EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF NEW SYSTEM Evaluation and control should be fairly straightforward, as the majority of modern ERP systems come with built in evaluation procedures, including the ability to view how the system is being used and by whom (O’Leary, 2000). As such, the main issue will not be implementing procedures to evaluate the use of the system; rather it will be attempting to control the use of the system, to ensure that it is being used in the most effective manner and that it is providing benefits to the entire supply chain. One of the most productive methods of controlling the performance of the system could be to hold regular meetings amongst the various stakeholder groups operating in the supply chain. This would allow the various participants in the supply chain to voice their concerns and suggestions for improvement. In addition, it is also important to train the users and managers who will be responsible f or the system around how best to use the system. This is because without sufficient training managers will be unable to exert control over their users, and the users will not be able to operate the system to its full capacity. Therefore, initial training sessions on how the use the system, and any new functionality introduced from previous ERP systems which may have existed beforehand, should be provided to ensure that everyone is familiar with the system and there will be no issues in operation. 5 CONCLUSIONS 5.1.1 OPERATIONS WHICH DIFFERENTIATE COCA COLA The main operations which differentiate Coca Cola from its competitors are its use of ERP systems to help it focus on efficiency and communication throughout its supply chain. This enables the company to provide as much of its product as is needed to customers on a timely basis, with minimum cost. 5.1.2 COCA COLA SYSTEMS MAP Coca Cola’s distribution system proceeds through two main channels: post mix syrup is either distrib uted directly to retailers, or it is sent to bottlers who process and bottle or can it and then distributed it on to retailers in a different form. 5.1.3 INPUT-TRANSFORMATION-OUTPUT DIAGRAM Coca Cola has a very simple distribution system, with the only inputs being the post mix syrup, carbonated water and bottles / cans and the only outputs being Coca Cola in bottles / cans or Coca Cola ready to serve 5.2.1 PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTING COCA COLA PROCESSES Implementing Coca Cola’s processes would be a major change affecting the entire distribution chain. As such, change management techniques should be used and cost benefit analyses should be run. However, the potential financial and customer service benefits could be massive and very significant. 5.2.2 EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF NEW SYSTEM Evaluation of the new ERP system should be fairly straightforward, due to the ability to produce reports on usage and other statistics. However, controlling the new system will require significa nt training, as well as regular communication between the various parties in the distribution chain. REFERENCES Boardman, A. E. Greenberg, D. H. Vining, A. R. and Weimer, D. L. (2000) Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice: 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall. Datamonitor (2008) Coca-Cola Company, The. Datamonitor Company Profiles. 15th September 2008. Foley, J. and Kontzer, T. (2004) Coca-Cola Plans To Refresh Supply Chain. InformationWeek; Issue 976, p. 22. Kant, G. Jacks, M. and Aantjes, C. (2008) Coca-Cola Enterprises Optimizes Vehicle Routes for Efficient Product Delivery. Interfaces; Vol. 38, Issue 1, p. 40-50. Kotter, J. P. (1995) Force For Change: How Leadership Differs from Management. Free Press. OLeary, D. E. (2000) Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: Systems, Life Cycle, Electronic Commerce, and Risk. Cambridge University Press. Parker, K. (2007) ERP and SOA at The Coca Cola Company. Manufacturing Business Technology; Vol. 25, Issue 5, p. 2. Slack, N. Chambers, S. and Johnson, R. (2006) Operations Management: 5th Edition. Financial Times / Prentice Hall. Thomas, D. (2004) Coca-Cola and SAP collaborate on managing supply chain networks. Computer Weekly; p. 27. APPENDIX ONE: COCA COLA Coca Cola is one of the largest manufacturers of non-alcoholic beverage syrups in the world. The company now owns or licenses over 450 brands, however its primary brand is still Coca Cola. The company employs over 90,500 people, and in its last financial year it increased its revenues by almost 20%, to reach $28.8 billion (Datamonitor, 2008).

John Hale - 1111 Words

A crucible is defined as a severe trial or a container in which metals are melted at very high temperatures. Much like how metals mold to a new shape at very high temperatures, people change when severe trials and challenges present themselves. When innocent lives are lost, a person will realize the wrongs and attempt to make things right again. The character John Hale must forget his old teachings and way of life to try to return the town of Salem to a peaceful community. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Reverend John hale transforms from a prideful prosecutor of witches to a humble defender of the accused because of the guilt he experiences over the innocent lives lost during the Salem witch trials. Reverend John Hale arrives in Salem†¦show more content†¦Knowing now that the court operates with error, he quits it and denounces its proceedings. John Hale no longer want to participate in the court’s murdering of the innocent, and feels guilty for the lives that he has already condemned through the judicial system. Hale now knows that he needs to think for himself rather than following the laws and rules of the judicial system he has lived by his whole life. Working separate from the court, the reverend says, â€Å"I come to do the Devil’s work. I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves.†(Miller 1325) Hale knows that the only way to rid the guilt from his mind is to convince the accused to lie and confess so that their lives may be saved. He has lost faith in the court system that will condemn innocent lives, and, throwing away his pride, puts out one last effort to save some of the lives he has condemned. His motivation has changed fr om condemning the witches in the town to attempting to save the accused. As his efforts are about to fail, he drops to his knees and says, â€Å"What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away!†(Miller 1334) His efforts to defend the accused fail, and guilt overwhelms him. Reverend John Hale cannot live with the innocent lives he has sentenced to murder and is humbled as the accused are led to their death. â€Å"Cleave to no faith when faith brings blood†(Miller 1326) says a transformed reverend as theShow MoreRelatedJohn Proctor And Reverend Hale1240 Words   |  5 PagesCrucible John Proctor and Reverend Hale are both men of great importance throughout the play, The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller. John Proctor is a local farmer in Salem, husband to Elizabeth Proctor and a man loyal to his title. Reverend Hale is a young minister of which was called to Salem to investigate the children who had fallen ill of the devil’s works, and hopefully cure them of their mad state. 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International Economics Trade Theory and Policy

Question: Discuss about the International Economics Trade for Theory and Policy. Answer: Introduction A natural monopoly is described as a different type of monopoly that takes place when there are tremendously high fixed costs of distribution. A natural monopoly takes place in such industries that requires raw materials as well as other identical factors in order to operate. As a result, government allows natural monopolies to exist as they find it sensible for an economy. The most popular example of natural monopoly is that of utility industry. Natural monopolies mostly takes place due to high cost structure in the industries (Vikharev, 2013). The essay provides a brief overview about why governments may want to set the price charged by natural monopolies at the level where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve. Limited resources of an industry are used by natural monopolies in an efficient manner in order to offer the lowest unit price to customers (Nizovtseva, 2013). The market structure is analysed along with the extreme forms of market that includes both perfect competition as well as monopoly. The essay highlights about the regulation of the government and also economies of scale under natural monopoly. Analysis Market structure in economics is defined as the organizational and other features of a market. A monopoly is a market structure in which there is a single producer or seller of a commodity. Entry into such a market is limited due to higher costs as well as other impediments that may be both economic and social. Government mostly generates a monopoly over an industry that is desires to control, for example electricity (Dunne, Klimek, Roberts, Xu, 2013). The above figure shows the monopoly market structure where there is a single producer as well as seller of a particular product. As such, under this market structure there is no difference between a firm and an industry. Super-normal profits are maintained in the long-run under the monopoly market structure. At profit maximization, MC = MR where price is P and output Q*. The price AR is above ATC at Q*, where super-normal profits takes place (Williams, 2016). Another extreme form of market structure is perfect competition that is also regarded as a hypothetical market where there is large number of competition. Under this market structure, there is no barrier to entry and exit where the firms produce homogeneous and similar products. Under perfect competitive market structure, there are several firms in the market and there is no need for regulation of the government. There is perfect knowledge with no information failure as well as time lags in the flow of information. Under this market structure, the sellers do not have an independent price policy (Thomas, Lubinda, Angula, 2015). The diagram shows the change of a firm from a perfectly competitive market to a monopoly market. Firms mostly earn normal profits under this market structure where price is equal to the marginal cost. Firms mostly produce a quantity of Qm at a price Pm. The intersection of the demand and supply curve helps to evaluate the price and quantity of a product. The diagram shows that demand no longer stays perfectly elastic when it is shifted from perfectly competitive market to a monopoly market. Under the monopoly market structure, marginal revenue curve is below the average revenue curve (Boeri Van Ours, 2013). The structure of a market is imperative to be acknowledged for a firm as it helps to determine the overall firms in the market. It also helps to conclude the extent to which the industry is vertically integrated. Under this market structure, economies of scale are very efficient so that minimum effectual scale is not accomplished. The lowest level of output at which all scale economies are exploited are termed as minimum efficient of scale. MES can only be accomplished when a single firm is able to compete in the market. The government has a tendency to nationalize and regulate the economy, as there is a prospect to exploit the monopoly power. The disadvantages that are associated with natural monopoly are that it includes low quality commodities as well as higher prices. The lack of competition under natural monopoly leads to low quality goods as well as out-dated services (Gronberg, Jansen, Karakaplan, Taylor, 2015). The government of each nation has been intervening in the market for natural monopoly from long time. Natural monopoly has been benefitting the nation by its properties of economies of scale. But there is market failure associated with this system (Krugman, Obstfeld, Melitz, 2015). As monopolists are the sole producer of the goods they always try to grab the maximum consumer surplus by keeping their price at very high level. Since at this price most of the people cannot afford to get the services and goods at that high price hence there occurs market failure and the government needs to intervene in this situation to enhance the situation. The monopoly market is characterized with allocative inefficiency. The situation where the average revenue of the firm and the marginal cost of the same get balanced or equated is known as allocative efficiency (Browning Zupan, 2014). It is the situation where the total consumers demand gets balanced by the total production in the economy. The objectives behind the government to intervene in the situation of natural monopoly are as follows: Reducing the dead-weight loss of the society and creating conditions to improve the welfare of the society as well. In other words it can be said that the government tries to maintain an efficiency and balance in the society by creating a situation that lies in between the two extreme situations of perfect competition, the utopian situation and the absolute monopoly (Miller, 2016). The diagram below is going to help in understanding the situation and the benefits of the government intervention. The diagram above shows that Ps is the competitive price of the market where the marginal cost curve and the demand curve intersects. Qs is the output under perfect competition. Under the situation of absolute monopoly, Pm is the price that is quite above the Ps. Qm is quantity of the monopoly market. As seen from the diagram the quantity produced is quite lower than the quantity that has been produced by the perfect competition. Now when the government intervenes the price is set at the point where the two curves namely the long run average total cost curve and the demand curve of the monopolist firm intersects. At this point the price is Pg that is in between the monopolist and perfect competition price. Also the quantity of the natural monopoly firm produced with the government intervention also increased to Qg from the original quantity Qm. Under certain situation the government has to take up the duty of providing certain services to the consumers in order to maintain and regula te the services and goods provided to the people (Minamihashi, (2012).). Some of the markets where natural monopoly exists are: market for railway services, defense industry and electricity service at certain times. The market of natural monopoly can be regulated by the government through three different channels (Nash, 2015). They are: Direct regulation: There are certain sectors in the economy which are strictly under the control of the government. The government of any nation usually does not allow any other private sector company to intervene in providing the services and goods due to some high cost and risk associated with it (Stigler Mencken, 2016). Say for example, the defense industry is usually controlled by the government of the respective nation. If this industry is given to the private sector to regulate then they may either charge extreme high cost for providing the service or it may affect the quality of the services provided by them. Price regulation: The system of price regulation is quite often taken into consideration for curbing the problems of the natural monopoly. Usually price regulation is a situation where the prices of goods and services are quoted by the higher authority specially the government of the country (Stiglitz, 2015). Prices can be quoted in two ways namely by price ceiling and price flooring. The price flooring is usually used to protect the exploitation carried on the workers by setting the minimum wages that the company must pay to its employees. In the market of natural monopoly the price ceiling is used. The government quotes the maximum price that the monopolist can charge. That price is usually quoted at the point of intersection between the demand curve and the average total cost curve. Quota or quantity regulation: Through the system of quota the government tries to regularize the quantity supplied in the natural monopoly market which would otherwise be not supplied (Weyl Fabinger, 2013). Quota is the minimum amount of goods and services that the company must or firms must produce in order to operate in the market. Here in the diagram if the government fixes the quota at Qg then automatically the prices gets reduced at Pg from Pm. Under this scenario if the monopolist argues and tries to keep the price at the Pm then there is going to be a huge surplus in the economy by the amount of (Qg-Qm). The resultant effect of the government intervention in this market is the reduction in the dead-weight loss. The present reduced dead-weight loss to the society is highlighted by the small triangle EFG. Conclusion The whole essay can be summed up by stating few facts once again. It is that the market for monopoly is associated with the severe problem of market failure. The utopian situation of perfect competition is the most desirable scenario from consumers perspective whereas from the producers viewpoint the monopoly is the best market. The government of the any country always intervenes in the natural monopoly market to provide a feasible outcome in the economy. A third option is left out with the government to improve the situation. It is the method of encouraging research and development in the economy. 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