John Hale - 1111 Words

A crucible is defined as a severe trial or a container in which metals are melted at very high temperatures. Much like how metals mold to a new shape at very high temperatures, people change when severe trials and challenges present themselves. When innocent lives are lost, a person will realize the wrongs and attempt to make things right again. The character John Hale must forget his old teachings and way of life to try to return the town of Salem to a peaceful community. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Reverend John hale transforms from a prideful prosecutor of witches to a humble defender of the accused because of the guilt he experiences over the innocent lives lost during the Salem witch trials. Reverend John Hale arrives in Salem†¦show more content†¦Knowing now that the court operates with error, he quits it and denounces its proceedings. John Hale no longer want to participate in the court’s murdering of the innocent, and feels guilty for the lives that he has already condemned through the judicial system. Hale now knows that he needs to think for himself rather than following the laws and rules of the judicial system he has lived by his whole life. Working separate from the court, the reverend says, â€Å"I come to do the Devil’s work. I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves.†(Miller 1325) Hale knows that the only way to rid the guilt from his mind is to convince the accused to lie and confess so that their lives may be saved. He has lost faith in the court system that will condemn innocent lives, and, throwing away his pride, puts out one last effort to save some of the lives he has condemned. His motivation has changed fr om condemning the witches in the town to attempting to save the accused. As his efforts are about to fail, he drops to his knees and says, â€Å"What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away!†(Miller 1334) His efforts to defend the accused fail, and guilt overwhelms him. Reverend John Hale cannot live with the innocent lives he has sentenced to murder and is humbled as the accused are led to their death. â€Å"Cleave to no faith when faith brings blood†(Miller 1326) says a transformed reverend as theShow MoreRelatedJohn Proctor And Reverend Hale1240 Words   |  5 PagesCrucible John Proctor and Reverend Hale are both men of great importance throughout the play, The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller. John Proctor is a local farmer in Salem, husband to Elizabeth Proctor and a man loyal to his title. Reverend Hale is a young minister of which was called to Salem to investigate the children who had fallen ill of the devil’s works, and hopefully cure them of their mad state. Abigail Williams, a smart and vindictive young girl with her eyes set upon John Proctor, hasRead MoreThe Character of John Proctor, Elizabeth and Reverend Hale in The Crucible647 Words   |  3 Pagesundergo the most change throughout this play is John Proctor the farmer, Elizabeth whom is John’s wife, and Reverend Hale the supernatural expert. Elizabeth is John’s wife who fell ill months before. During this time she and John have started to become farther and farther from each other, beginning a cold relationship. They are pleasant to each other and John takes care of her in every way he can, but this lack of affection is one of the reasons John ended up having an affair with their servantRead MoreThe Crucible By John Hale1368 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish: Crucible Essay Reverend Hale Mr. Hale is a man nearing forty, a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual. He is a minister from Beverly who has been summoned to Salem by Reverend Parris to investigate his daughter Betty and whether or not there really is witchcraft in Salem. If he finds there to be witchcraft he would then exterminate it by any means necessary, such as conversion or removing the infected inhabitants all together. Hale devotes himself to his faith and his work. His good intentionsRead MoreJohn Hale Essay785 Words   |  4 Pages3CP English Mrs. Hagan 10-25-10 Torn What happens when a persons places his whole-hearted trust in someone he has been completely wrong about? A good example of this, in Arthur Millers four-act play The Crucible, happens when Reverend John Hale finds himself in a community entwined with lies, deceit, and betrayal. The play starts out in Salem, Massachusetts when a group of girls are discovered dancing in the woods at night. The girls actions lead the local towns people of Salem in a suspicionRead MoreJohn Hale Character Analysis896 Words   |  4 PagesReverend John Hale from Beverly, Massachusetts was summoned to Salem, a town full of supposed witches, manipulative children, a corrupt government, and depraved leaders, yet he takes on an impossible task of saving the wicked from themselves. Playwright Arthur Millers 1950’s play, The Crucible, displays static character John Hale as a determined, willing, young man who stays true to his morals and remains righteous and compassionate throughout the work. Beginnin g to end, John Hale exhibits consistentRead MoreThe Gospel Of Matthew By John Hale2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe Gospel of Matthew This is the secret diary of Reverend Hale, one that is disguised by one of the gospels to prevent any un-favored eyes from looking upon this. I am writing on the third night after the arrival in the so called bedeviled town. Ever since I have left my home I have not slept. It seems that all day I run around like a mad-man attempting to purge the calamity of Salem. This village would be like any other, if not for the evil permeating this town. That is my sole mission from GodRead MoreShift in the Character of John Reverend Hale911 Words   |  4 PagesJohn reverend hale is a character from the famous book of Arthur miller the crucible which is based on Salem witch hunts and trials in Massachusetts during 1950’s. John reverend hale is a witch craft expert who was called by a priest reverend parries to help her daughter betty parries as she was assumed to be in the devil hands after she was caught dancing and practicing witchcraft in the woods with reverend parries’s nephew Abigail Williams by reverend parries . Since john reverend haleRead MoreEssay The Diary of Reverend John Hale1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe Diary of Reverend Hale Act 1 (Descriptive) . I can’t help but feel out of place in this town, my every public move watched by people by the dozen. I feel like a complete foreigner in my own land, the townsfolk were bitter, cold and unwelcoming. It felt like there was something here, a spooky vibe radiating of every little thing. The town belonged in a book not a thing out of place, not a drunk to be scene, it was every preachers dream. My firstRead MoreThe Crucible: John Proctor and John Hale - Good Citizen vs. Good Perso1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible: John Proctor and John Hale - Good Citizen vs. Good Person In The Crucible, Arthur Miller portrays the two main characters, John Proctor and Reverend John Hale as good men. The term good men in this play is ambiguous. Reverend John Hale was a good man in the sense of being the perfect and good citizen of Massachusetts in the 1600 s. He was pious, adherent to the laws and beliefs, and a good Puritan Christian. John Proctor, on the contrary would not be considered the greatestRead More A Gradual Decline in Prejudice between Places and People in North and South592 Words   |  3 PagesMargaret Hale and John Thornton, Elizabeth Gaskell develops a transition from prejudice to love. She reveals their inner most thoughts through an omniscient third person narrative to allow the audience to empathise with their feelings. The Characters develop through dialogue because they dispute over the North and South divide and try to distance themselves from each other. But despite their prejudices love prevails because of the actions of good will shown by Margaret, which John interprets

International Economics Trade Theory and Policy

Question: Discuss about the International Economics Trade for Theory and Policy. Answer: Introduction A natural monopoly is described as a different type of monopoly that takes place when there are tremendously high fixed costs of distribution. A natural monopoly takes place in such industries that requires raw materials as well as other identical factors in order to operate. As a result, government allows natural monopolies to exist as they find it sensible for an economy. The most popular example of natural monopoly is that of utility industry. Natural monopolies mostly takes place due to high cost structure in the industries (Vikharev, 2013). The essay provides a brief overview about why governments may want to set the price charged by natural monopolies at the level where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve. Limited resources of an industry are used by natural monopolies in an efficient manner in order to offer the lowest unit price to customers (Nizovtseva, 2013). The market structure is analysed along with the extreme forms of market that includes both perfect competition as well as monopoly. The essay highlights about the regulation of the government and also economies of scale under natural monopoly. Analysis Market structure in economics is defined as the organizational and other features of a market. A monopoly is a market structure in which there is a single producer or seller of a commodity. Entry into such a market is limited due to higher costs as well as other impediments that may be both economic and social. Government mostly generates a monopoly over an industry that is desires to control, for example electricity (Dunne, Klimek, Roberts, Xu, 2013). The above figure shows the monopoly market structure where there is a single producer as well as seller of a particular product. As such, under this market structure there is no difference between a firm and an industry. Super-normal profits are maintained in the long-run under the monopoly market structure. At profit maximization, MC = MR where price is P and output Q*. The price AR is above ATC at Q*, where super-normal profits takes place (Williams, 2016). Another extreme form of market structure is perfect competition that is also regarded as a hypothetical market where there is large number of competition. Under this market structure, there is no barrier to entry and exit where the firms produce homogeneous and similar products. Under perfect competitive market structure, there are several firms in the market and there is no need for regulation of the government. There is perfect knowledge with no information failure as well as time lags in the flow of information. Under this market structure, the sellers do not have an independent price policy (Thomas, Lubinda, Angula, 2015). The diagram shows the change of a firm from a perfectly competitive market to a monopoly market. Firms mostly earn normal profits under this market structure where price is equal to the marginal cost. Firms mostly produce a quantity of Qm at a price Pm. The intersection of the demand and supply curve helps to evaluate the price and quantity of a product. The diagram shows that demand no longer stays perfectly elastic when it is shifted from perfectly competitive market to a monopoly market. Under the monopoly market structure, marginal revenue curve is below the average revenue curve (Boeri Van Ours, 2013). The structure of a market is imperative to be acknowledged for a firm as it helps to determine the overall firms in the market. It also helps to conclude the extent to which the industry is vertically integrated. Under this market structure, economies of scale are very efficient so that minimum effectual scale is not accomplished. The lowest level of output at which all scale economies are exploited are termed as minimum efficient of scale. MES can only be accomplished when a single firm is able to compete in the market. The government has a tendency to nationalize and regulate the economy, as there is a prospect to exploit the monopoly power. The disadvantages that are associated with natural monopoly are that it includes low quality commodities as well as higher prices. The lack of competition under natural monopoly leads to low quality goods as well as out-dated services (Gronberg, Jansen, Karakaplan, Taylor, 2015). The government of each nation has been intervening in the market for natural monopoly from long time. Natural monopoly has been benefitting the nation by its properties of economies of scale. But there is market failure associated with this system (Krugman, Obstfeld, Melitz, 2015). As monopolists are the sole producer of the goods they always try to grab the maximum consumer surplus by keeping their price at very high level. Since at this price most of the people cannot afford to get the services and goods at that high price hence there occurs market failure and the government needs to intervene in this situation to enhance the situation. The monopoly market is characterized with allocative inefficiency. The situation where the average revenue of the firm and the marginal cost of the same get balanced or equated is known as allocative efficiency (Browning Zupan, 2014). It is the situation where the total consumers demand gets balanced by the total production in the economy. The objectives behind the government to intervene in the situation of natural monopoly are as follows: Reducing the dead-weight loss of the society and creating conditions to improve the welfare of the society as well. In other words it can be said that the government tries to maintain an efficiency and balance in the society by creating a situation that lies in between the two extreme situations of perfect competition, the utopian situation and the absolute monopoly (Miller, 2016). The diagram below is going to help in understanding the situation and the benefits of the government intervention. The diagram above shows that Ps is the competitive price of the market where the marginal cost curve and the demand curve intersects. Qs is the output under perfect competition. Under the situation of absolute monopoly, Pm is the price that is quite above the Ps. Qm is quantity of the monopoly market. As seen from the diagram the quantity produced is quite lower than the quantity that has been produced by the perfect competition. Now when the government intervenes the price is set at the point where the two curves namely the long run average total cost curve and the demand curve of the monopolist firm intersects. At this point the price is Pg that is in between the monopolist and perfect competition price. Also the quantity of the natural monopoly firm produced with the government intervention also increased to Qg from the original quantity Qm. Under certain situation the government has to take up the duty of providing certain services to the consumers in order to maintain and regula te the services and goods provided to the people (Minamihashi, (2012).). Some of the markets where natural monopoly exists are: market for railway services, defense industry and electricity service at certain times. The market of natural monopoly can be regulated by the government through three different channels (Nash, 2015). They are: Direct regulation: There are certain sectors in the economy which are strictly under the control of the government. The government of any nation usually does not allow any other private sector company to intervene in providing the services and goods due to some high cost and risk associated with it (Stigler Mencken, 2016). Say for example, the defense industry is usually controlled by the government of the respective nation. If this industry is given to the private sector to regulate then they may either charge extreme high cost for providing the service or it may affect the quality of the services provided by them. Price regulation: The system of price regulation is quite often taken into consideration for curbing the problems of the natural monopoly. Usually price regulation is a situation where the prices of goods and services are quoted by the higher authority specially the government of the country (Stiglitz, 2015). Prices can be quoted in two ways namely by price ceiling and price flooring. The price flooring is usually used to protect the exploitation carried on the workers by setting the minimum wages that the company must pay to its employees. In the market of natural monopoly the price ceiling is used. The government quotes the maximum price that the monopolist can charge. That price is usually quoted at the point of intersection between the demand curve and the average total cost curve. Quota or quantity regulation: Through the system of quota the government tries to regularize the quantity supplied in the natural monopoly market which would otherwise be not supplied (Weyl Fabinger, 2013). Quota is the minimum amount of goods and services that the company must or firms must produce in order to operate in the market. Here in the diagram if the government fixes the quota at Qg then automatically the prices gets reduced at Pg from Pm. Under this scenario if the monopolist argues and tries to keep the price at the Pm then there is going to be a huge surplus in the economy by the amount of (Qg-Qm). The resultant effect of the government intervention in this market is the reduction in the dead-weight loss. The present reduced dead-weight loss to the society is highlighted by the small triangle EFG. Conclusion The whole essay can be summed up by stating few facts once again. It is that the market for monopoly is associated with the severe problem of market failure. The utopian situation of perfect competition is the most desirable scenario from consumers perspective whereas from the producers viewpoint the monopoly is the best market. The government of the any country always intervenes in the natural monopoly market to provide a feasible outcome in the economy. A third option is left out with the government to improve the situation. It is the method of encouraging research and development in the economy. Only an huge escalation in the existing technology can save the economy from the high production cost and thereby break up the natural monopoly structure. References Boeri, T., Van Ours, J. (2013). The economics of imperfect labor markets. Princeton University Press. Browning, E. K., Zupan, M. A. (2014). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. . Wiley Global Education. Dunne, T., Klimek, S. D., Roberts, M. J., Xu, D. Y. (2013). Entry, exit, and the determinants of market structure. . The RAND Journal of Economics, , 44(3), 462-487. Gronberg, T. J., Jansen, D. W., Karakaplan, M. U., Taylor, L. L. (2015). School district consolidation: Market concentration and the scale?efficiency tradeoff. Southern Economic Journal, 82(2), , 580-597. Krugman, P. O. (2015). International trade: theory and policy. Pearson. Pearson. Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M. (2015). International trade: theory and policy. Pearson. Miller, A. (2016). Promoting Economically Efficient Use of, and Investment in, Infrastructure in Australia: The Role of the'Essential Facilities' Regime. Promoting Economically Efficient Use of, and Investment in, Infrastructure in Australia. . Minamihashi, N. ( (2012).). Natural monopoly and distorted competition: evidence from unbundling fiber-optic networks. . Nash, C. (2015). The evolving global railway industry. The Routledge Companion. Nizovtseva, I. (2013). Index of the economic interaction effectiveness between the natural monopoly and regions. I. Math Model. Stigler, G., Mencken, H. (2016). PAM 3170 PAM 5170: Market Regulation and Public Policy . . Spring . Stiglitz, J. . (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Thomas, B., Lubinda, M., Angula, M. (2015). Principles of microeconomics. Vikharev, S. (2013). Verification of mathematical model of development cooperation programs between natural monopoly and regional authorities. Weyl, E., Fabinger, M. (2013). Pass-through as an economic tool: Principles of incidence under imperfect competition. Journal of Political Economy . 528-83. Williams, J. (2016). Economic insights on market structure and competition. Addiction, 111(12), . , 2094-2095.

The Gallant Boys Of Gettysburg Essay Research free essay sample

The Gallant Boys Of Gettysburg Essay, Research Paper The narrative I read took topographic point largely at the Battle of Gettysburg. Tom and Jeff Majors had merely enrolled in the Confederate ground forces. Tom enrolled as a private and Jeff as a drummer male child. Their pa, Nelson Majors, who had been in the ground forces for rather some clip, had merely been promoted to Major. Tom and Jeff were appointed to their male parent # 8217 ; s unit. They fought in the Battle of Gettysburg which was the worst conflict of the Civil War. The decease sum for the conflict was great. The Union and the Confederates lost a sum of 18,000 work forces each. During the worst portion of the conflict, a shell hit Tom # 8217 ; s leg. Jeff instantly carried him to the field physician. The physician told Tom that his leg would hold to be cut off. The Confederate ground forces was being beaten back by the Union and they had to withdraw. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gallant Boys Of Gettysburg Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That meant that Tom was put on a waggon and carried off. Tom knew there was small opportunity of him lasting the drive. Jeff had an thought to take Tom to the Poteets # 8217 ; house. They had eaten with them before the conflict. The Poteets lief agreed to maintain Tom for a short piece at their house. Jeff and Nelson Majors were really happy that Tom could remain with them. When Tom # 8217 ; s leg was healed, he and Jeff went back to Kentucky where their household was from. When they got place at that place was a large welcome dinner. A missive came a few yearss subsequently stating Jeff that he would demand to travel back to the ground forces. When Jeff got back, he and his pa talked about how Tom was making and the remainder of the household. After that, the narrative terminals merely as they were approximately to travel fight another conflict. The predominate struggle in The Gallant Boys of Gettysburg occurred when Tom was hit by a shell from the Union ground forces. Jeff turned and saw Tom turn overing and turn overing on the land. When Jeff got at that place, he saw that it had struck Tom # 8217 ; s leg. He rapidly tied a patch on it to halt the hemorrhage. Jeff told Tom that he would hold to immediately see a field physician. The physician told Tom that his leg would hold to be taken off. When Jeff and Tom arrived at their place in Kentucky, Sarah, Tom # 8217 ; s girlfriend, saw what had happened to his leg. Tom thought that Sarah would non wish him because he had lost his leg. Sarah tried to state him that it did non affair that he had lost his leg, but Tom did non listen. Sarah asked Mr. Springer, who had late lost his leg, to semen and talk to Tom. Mr. Springer told Tom that he should acquire an unreal leg. Mr. Springer said that he felt every bit good as new with his unreal leg. The narrative ends shortly after they finished speaking. I concluded that Tom would finally acquire an unreal leg.

Fashion Essays - Equipment, Clothing, Sports Equipment, Free Essays

Fashion Essays - Equipment, Clothing, Sports Equipment, Free Essays Fashion Fashion is everywhere these days. If youre not wearing something fashionable, youre just not cool. Most people realize this in the good old U.S.; but there are the occasional bad apples. This is where I come in. Im here to help some of these people out with choosing fashionable attire. And what better way to show it than in snowboarding, one of the most popular sports in the world. Here Ill show you how to choose everything from underclothing to goggles. Most people would say that underclothing has nothing to do with fashion, its only meant to keep you warm. But if you really get into the sport and you want to take your jacket off because youre hotter than a donkeys ass in a Texan summer, you want layers underneath your coat that will be fashionable, yet still keep you relatively warm. You need to remember that you must wear warm clothing underneath your outer layers, this is what really keeps you warm. Without these warm underlayers, you could have the worst day on the mountain because you will be freezing and be crabby all day. But the outerlayers are the fun part because they are your main fashion statements. Lets start with the coat; your coat needs to be the best. Youll want lots of pockets and plenty of room to move and lots of ventilation. You have to think fashion; no one likes an ugly coat. You should always pick a color that you like; however it needs to be easy on the eyes and something you can live in for a few years during the winter months. It also should be waterproof because a wet coat is a wet body, which forecasts a bad day ahead. Pants are much like the coat, something youll have to live in for a few years. These also, absolutely, need to be waterproof. If you sit on your ass a lot and it gets wet, thats just another opportunity for a terrible experience. Youll need a few pockets for money, keys or other objects that you want to have instant access to while on the slopes. Also, size is an issue. If your pants are too big, you have the danger of running yourself over, creating an extremely e mbarrassing moment for you, especially while you are trying to impress the girls with your fierce skills. On the other hand, if your pants are too small, you may not make it to the bathroom in time because you couldnt move from your seat while you were enjoying your lunchtime beer. While pants and a coat are your main fashionable paraphernalia, accessories can add to or take away from your statement. Gloves, for instance, cannot be underestimated. They must be warm and waterproof, because if your fingers are frozen, you cannot put on your board or write down that hotties phone number. Also choose one with a snot pad. These are for wiping your nose when its oozing so your snot wont get all over your coat. While your hands are busy writing down phone numbers, keep her attention on your head with a fashionable hat or beanie. Choose one that is thick for warmth and make sure it is in compliance with your coat and pants. If you have a red coat, fluorescent brown pants and a bright yellow beanie, people will be talking about you and the hot chicks will think you are a dork, so then it wont matter if your fingers are frozen because youll have no numbers to write down. In order to scope out the ladies, youll need your vision to be intact. Goggles are one of the most im portant objects for snow-loving people. Picture yourself going down a hill faster than a wild goose falling asleep after being shot with a tranquilizer dart. Thats fast enough to make tears come out of your eyes and onto your beanie and freeze into little icicles on the side of your head. Now imagine not having your goggles, your eyes are dryer than the Moab desert. Goggles wont prevent tears shooting out of your eyes; however, your eyes will be able to stay at a normal and constant moisture

Strategic Management of Amazon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management of Amazon - Research Paper Example ompanies in the Internet space), Adobe eBook Reader (with this collaboration Amazon beat a major advantage of its competitor, it is estimated that the e-book will be in a few years cheaper than a physical book, and it is already known that this new medium has created its own public, which Amazon.com wants to penetrate). By entering in the European market, it has broadened its customer database, it has compressed transport and distribution costs of orders and it has improved the levels of customer service, thus gaining a significant share of the global market. It expands its customer base to new markets in order to augment its profit margin (the structure exists - it has a powerful customer database - it introduces new products - it penetrates new Internet markets - it improves its profit margin). Amazon is very profitable. ... The decrease in profits was due to special customer promotions. Amazon locks-in the customer by offering him value through original - innovative value added services and it enhances continuously the content of its webpage. Amazon does not sell in the traditional way, it offers customized service. If indeed, we take account of the fact that the confidence-loyalty of Internet customers is for many analysts of a kind of utopia, it is understood immediately that the strategy of Amazon.com is revolutionary. The company has built a large capital value part of which is its strong name - brand in the Internet and with the experience that it has gained, it manages to exploit its reputation to attract both customers and partners - suppliers by concluding strong relations - partnerships with many competitive advantages and benefits. For Amazon.com the customers and the suppliers are simply two different groups of customers who Amazon undertakes to interconnect by providing them with incentives and transaction facilities. The company is essentially an info broker. The company is an undisputed player in the world of on line cooperation, offering a wide range of programs. Through the continuous provision of incentives, it has managed to succeed and achieve various alliances and syndication makes the company ubiquitous in the Internet and so its brand is strengthened. Amazon.com has managed to transform its product markets into an easy and pleasant procedure mainly due to the use of IT and its innovative applications (1-click Technology).The appropriate use of technology favors the increase in sales by essentially contributing to the lock-in of the customer. Communication with the customer is of even greater value through the logistics procedures of

RCM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RCM - Essay Example RCM covers both the risk of physical and operational failure and considers events that could reasonably cause an asset to cease performing any of its desired functions (Mutual Consultants Ltd 2009). Proper maintenance of assets while important for both households and businesses is fundamental to the operating efficiency of businesses. The failure of a critical asset can have devastating consequences for a business if it cannot be repaired or replaced quickly. In order to ensure that adequate maintenance takes place a maintenance program needs to be implemented for all equipment in use. This program should be capable of predicting the degradation or failure of an equipment before it happens. An RCM program can lead to increased operating performance, reduced maintenance costs and reduced energy bills (Chimack et al n.d.). 2.0 Operating context ‘RCM is a maintenance perspective in an operational context’ and so understanding the goals and needs of the organisation is funda mental in the development of a maintenance strategy to optimise business outcomes in the context of the goals of the business (August 1999). The asset that is being analysed is a Daiken split air conditioning system which is located in an office of 54 square metres. It provides cool air at a temperature differential (TD) of between 8 and 11oC and as a secondary function helps to eliminate or reduce unwanted particulate or gaseous substances from the air being supplied to the office. The office operates six (6) days per week at an average of seven (7) hours per day providing customer service to internet users and students doing research. On average about five to seven customers are being served at any one time and approximately 36 in any one day. The air conditioner is switched on and off using a remote control when the temperature gets too cold. The room temperature normally gets cold when only one or two customers are in the office. However, it is normally set at a temperature gaug e of 26oC. It is flushed once every three (3) months and the air filter is also cleaned by the office staff. The air conditioner is only serviced by a trained technician in reaction to a fault that causes it to malfunction. In addition to its primary function of providing cool air at low noise levels it also removes dust and other particles from the air. 2.1 Working principle Airconditioning-and-heating.com (n.d.), the air conditioning system circulates a compressed gas refrigerant in a closed â€Å"split† system to cool and condition inside air in order to make its occupants comfortable. This refrigerant has to be re-cooled and condensed, and the air outside is generally the medium that is used to facilitate this process. Split airconditioning.com (n.d.) also states that the air conditioning system also controls the purity of the air by reducing or eliminating unwanted particul

RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS - Essay Example Restrictive covenants in land law prohibit use of land in a particular manner. They are agreements between landowners in which one party agrees to refrain from use of land as prescribed by the agreement. This paper seeks to discuss concepts of restrictive covenants with the aim of advising parties to a land case. The paper will explore the nature and extent of liability as imposed by restrictive covenants. Facts of the case The case involves a landowner, Connor, who sells part of his land in order to meet his financial obligations. In January, Connor sold off a portion of his property to Jane. Part of the terms of the covenant was that the sold piece was supposed to be strictly meant for residential purposes and by only one family. A month later, Connor sold another part of his land to Bullhorn Company subject to a number of terms. Under the agreement, the immediate and any subsequent purchaser of the property was supposed to develop and maintain a fence around the subject property. The terms also provided that the property would only be used for at most twelve residential units and that the developed houses could only be used for residential purposes. Upon development of twelve independent houses by Bullhorn, the property was sold to separate buyers on terms that the new owners would use the property solely for residential purposes and that fees shall be paid by the owners for maintenance of roadway. Alex, one of the buyers from Bullhorn, has however been using his house as a bail hostel. The other new owners have been aggrieved and as a result refused to repair the boundaries and to pay the maintenance fees. Jane has also sold her property to Oscar who has used it for commercial purpose. Legal issues Covenants A covenant creates legal obligations on the parties to which it imputes liability. Defined as a legal promise, it exposes the promisor to liability as described by the covenant’s terms. Though covenants are considerably similar to contractual agr eements, they do not have to be necessarily supported by consideration. As a result, covenants are regulated by common law and doctrines of equity from different perspectives. In cases where consideration supports the promisors’ intentions, covenants are enforceable under both common law and equity.1 However, law lacks authority over covenants made without consideration. The general principle of covenants is to restrict the use of a piece of land in a given way and once a covenant is made, a landowner looses rights over the land as prescribed by the covenant. Similarly, covenants that have been made over a piece of land bind subsequent owners of the land even though they were not part of the covenant. This general rule can however be exempted by express provisions of individual covenants.2 In determining liability of parties to covenants, the courts applies either or both common law and the doctrines of equity as discussed bellow Covenants under equity Benefits Running covena nts under equity is based on the principles of benefits and burden on rights over pieces of land. Benefits with respect to restrictive covenants can be derived from either, annexation, assignment of the benefits or through building scheme approach. Under the doctrine of annexation, that either can be expressed by the original parties to a covenant or can be implied by statutes, the terms of the restrictive covenants are deemed to bind successive owners of land. This means that a landowner at a particular time is liable for breach of terms of a covenant over the land irrespective of the fact that the timely owner was not part of the covenant. Express annexation was observed in the case of Newton Abbot Co-operative Society v Williamson & Treadgold [1952] Ch 2863